Sensory processing differences (SPD)

Sensory processing differences (sometimes called Sensory Processing Disorder, or SPD) describe differences in how a person takes in and responds to sensory information. Some sensations can feel overwhelming, while others may barely register. This can involve any of the senses, such as touch, sound, taste, and movement.

Although sensory processing differences are not currently recognised as a standalone diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), they often go along with autism, ADHD, and anxiety. 

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How Sensory Processing Differences Can Show Up

People with sensory processing differences can have a wide range of experiences, which are often grouped into patterns such as:

1. Sensory Over-Responsivity: People with this pattern may be very sensitive to sensory input and may feel discomfort, pain, or distress from sensations that others find tolerable or even enjoyable
2. Sensory Under-Responsivity: In this pattern, people may not notice or respond to sensory input as quickly or as intensely as others, which can make it harder to engage with their surroundings and take part in everyday activities
3. Sensory Seeking: People with this pattern may seek out intense sensory experiences, often through repetitive movements or by looking for specific sensations

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Common experiences

• Finding certain textures, tastes, or sounds hard to tolerate
• Feeling overwhelmed or distressed in noisy or crowded environments
• Difficulty with balance and coordination
• Finding busy social settings draining
• Finding transitions or changes in routine hard

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Causes and Contributing Factors

The exact causes of sensory processing differences are not yet fully understood. Research suggests they may be related to genetic factors and prenatal complications. Sensory processing differences are also often seen alongside other forms of neurodivergence and developmental differences, suggesting there may be some shared factors.

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Support Options and Strategies

Support for sensory processing differences may include:

• Sensory integration therapy: This approach involves providing carefully structured sensory experiences to help the person understand and meet their sensory needs
• Environmental modifications: Adjusting the person's environment to reduce sensory triggers and create a more comfortable and supportive space
• Skill development: Learning specific skills and strategies to help the person cope with sensory challenges and take part more fully in daily activities

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Tips for Meeting Sensory Needs

Alongside professional support, there are several strategies that people with sensory processing differences and their families can use to make sensory challenges easier:

• Create a sensory-friendly environment: Reduce sensory triggers in the home by using soft lighting, minimising background noise, and providing comfortable seating and clothing options.
• Establish routines: Consistent routines can help people feel more secure and better able to cope with sensory challenges.
• Practise self-regulation techniques, such as deep breathing exercises and progressive muscle relaxation.

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